Carrier Air Operations - Revision history

Marlan: change case 1 marshal stack alt

2022-12-26T23:39:48Z

change case 1 marshal stack alt

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:39, 26 December 2022
Line 336:		Line 336:
	\| CCA, Carrier Controlled Area		\| CCA, Carrier Controlled Area
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align: right; background-color:#accf40;" \| ~~3000~~+ ft		\| style="text-align: right; background-color:#accf40;" \| 2000+ ft
	\| style="background-color:#accf40;" \| Case 1 holding pattern / stack		\| style="background-color:#accf40;" \| Case 1 holding pattern / stack
	\| style="background-color:#000000;" \|		\| style="background-color:#000000;" \|

Jak: /* Case 1 Landing */

2019-04-29T11:17:20Z

Case 1 Landing

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:17, 29 April 2019
Line 565:		Line 565:
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#accf40;" \| F		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#accf40;" \| F
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#accf40;" \| On-speed AOA at 15 units, set DLC		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#accf40;" \| On-speed AOA at 15 units, set DLC
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#accf40;" \| On-speed AOA at 8 units		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#accf40;" \| On-speed AOA at 8.1 units
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| G		\| style="text-align: center;" \| G
Line 639:		Line 639:
	The IFLOLS landing phase will typically be accompanied by call-outs from the LSO, which can be found in the next chapter.		The IFLOLS landing phase will typically be accompanied by call-outs from the LSO, which can be found in the next chapter.
	----		----

	=== LSO (Landing Signal Officer) ===		=== LSO (Landing Signal Officer) ===

Jak at 11:04, 29 April 2019

2019-04-29T11:04:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 29 April 2019
Line 53:		Line 53:
	==== Catapults (CATOBAR) ====		==== Catapults (CATOBAR) ====

	[[File:F18_Carrier_Takeoff.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzVW9315ur0\| F-18C taking off using the catapult]]]		[[File:F18_Carrier_Takeoff.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzVW9315ur0\| F/A-18C taking off using the catapult]]]

	Rather than implement the STOBAR ramp system, the United States (whom pioneered the system) and most NATO countries instead use the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATOBAR\| '''CATOBAR''' (Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery ] system. The aircraft catapult is a launcher to which an aircraft is hooked up, which is then launched using external power from the carrier (either steam or electromagnetic power).		Rather than implement the STOBAR ramp system, the United States (whom pioneered the system) and most NATO countries instead use the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATOBAR\| '''CATOBAR''' (Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery ] system. The aircraft catapult is a launcher to which an aircraft is hooked up, which is then launched using external power from the carrier (either steam or electromagnetic power).
Line 65:		Line 65:
	==== Arresting gear ====		==== Arresting gear ====

	[[File:F18_Carrier_Landing.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3fm4HwVdE8\| F-18C landing with arrestor wires]]]		[[File:F18_Carrier_Landing.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3fm4HwVdE8\| F/A-18C landing with arrestor wires]]]

	To allow aircraft to land in a much smaller space, a number of wires (typically 4 or 5) are strung across the landing deck. The aircraft catches one of these '''arresting wires''' with the use of the hook built into the airframe, after which the aircraft slows down rapidly (though quite harshly). Obviously aircraft such as helicopters and STOL/STOVL (such as the Harrier or F-35) do not need these arresting wires, as they can simply land (semi) vertically.		To allow aircraft to land in a much smaller space, a number of wires (typically 4 or 5) are strung across the landing deck. The aircraft catches one of these '''arresting wires''' with the use of the hook built into the airframe, after which the aircraft slows down rapidly (though quite harshly). Obviously aircraft such as helicopters and STOL/STOVL (such as the Harrier or F-35) do not need these arresting wires, as they can simply land (semi) vertically.
Line 543:		Line 543:
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| #		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| #
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| F-14		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| F-14
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| F-18		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| F/A-18
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| A		\| style="text-align: center;" \| A

Jak at 10:57, 29 April 2019

2019-04-29T10:57:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:57, 29 April 2019
Line 9:		Line 9:
	[[File:AircraftCarrierNight.jpeg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|A home away from home for many naval aviators]]		[[File:AircraftCarrierNight.jpeg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|A home away from home for many naval aviators]]

	Carrier ~~Air Operations~~ are the various procedures and techniques that make up landing on a moving ship, called an aircraft carrier: both STOL / STOVL (such as the Harrier and F-35's) and fixed wing (F-14, F-18) can land on a carrier. Because of the relatively small size of aircraft carriers there are a number of rules and procedures that you should follow when on or around an aircraft carrier.		Carrier air operations are the various procedures and techniques that make up landing on a moving ship, called an aircraft carrier: both STOL / STOVL (such as the Harrier and F-35B's) and fixed wing (F-14, F/A-18) can land on a carrier. Because of the relatively small size of aircraft carriers there are a number of rules and procedures that you should follow when on or around an aircraft carrier.

	__TOC__		__TOC__

Trashfire: Edit for clarity

2019-04-29T08:26:21Z

Edit for clarity

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:26, 29 April 2019
Line 55:		Line 55:
	[[File:F18_Carrier_Takeoff.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzVW9315ur0\| F-18C taking off using the catapult]]]		[[File:F18_Carrier_Takeoff.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzVW9315ur0\| F-18C taking off using the catapult]]]

	Rather than implement the ~~CATOBAR~~ ramp system, the United States (whom pioneered the system) and most NATO countries instead use the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATOBAR\| '''CATOBAR''' (Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery ] system. The aircraft catapult is a launcher to which an aircraft is hooked up, which is then launched using external power from the carrier (either steam or electromagnetic power).		Rather than implement the STOBAR ramp system, the United States (whom pioneered the system) and most NATO countries instead use the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATOBAR\| '''CATOBAR''' (Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery ] system. The aircraft catapult is a launcher to which an aircraft is hooked up, which is then launched using external power from the carrier (either steam or electromagnetic power).

	Up to the Cold War most aircraft used a length of reinforced rope (called a bridle) to attach to the catapult shuttle, but in all aircraft after the Cold War the shuttle instead connects to the nose gear of the aircraft via the launch bar. The pilot can selectively lower the launch bar with a switch in the cockpit to hook up to the catapult (shuttle). This shuttle also holds back the aircraft, so that the engines can be run up to full (afterburning) mode before launching. The catapult is then set to the appropriate amount of power and the aircraft can be subsequently launched.		Up to the Cold War most aircraft used a length of reinforced rope (called a bridle) to attach to the catapult shuttle, but in all aircraft after the Cold War the shuttle instead connects to the nose gear of the aircraft via the launch bar. The pilot can selectively lower the launch bar with a switch in the cockpit to hook up to the catapult (shuttle). This shuttle also holds back the aircraft, so that the engines can be run up to full (afterburning) mode before launching. The catapult is then set to the appropriate amount of power and the aircraft can be subsequently launched.

Nanne118: /* Case 3 Landing */

2019-01-23T21:15:24Z

Case 3 Landing

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:15, 23 January 2019
Line 1,167:		Line 1,167:

	<gallery widths=400px heights=400px>		<gallery widths=400px heights=400px>
	File:Case 3 landing pattern.png\|Case 1 Landing Pattern		File:Case 3 landing pattern.png\|Case 3 Landing Pattern
	File:IFLOLS diagram.png\|thumb\|right\|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_landing_system#Improved_fresnel_lens_optical_landing_system_(IFLOLS)\| IFLOLS]		File:IFLOLS diagram.png\|thumb\|right\|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_landing_system#Improved_fresnel_lens_optical_landing_system_(IFLOLS)\| IFLOLS]
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Nanne118: /* Case 2 Landing */

2019-01-23T21:14:17Z

Case 2 Landing

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 23 January 2019
Line 1,159:		Line 1,159:

	Case 2 recoveries (landings) are in practice a weird (Frankenstein) mix of both Case 1 and Case 3 landings, so we advise you familiarise yourself with these cases first and then come back to the Case 2 recoveries.		Case 2 recoveries (landings) are in practice a weird (Frankenstein) mix of both Case 1 and Case 3 landings, so we advise you familiarise yourself with these cases first and then come back to the Case 2 recoveries.

			In essence the Case 2 recoveries are flown by entering the Case 3 Stack pattern and pushing to the boat (aircraft carrier) as normal, but once you get within visual range of the carrier you instead transition to the Case 1 Landing Pattern.

	----		----

Nanne118: Reduced STOBAR chapter

2019-01-23T21:09:55Z

Reduced STOBAR chapter

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:09, 23 January 2019
Line 9:		Line 9:
	[[File:AircraftCarrierNight.jpeg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|A home away from home for many naval aviators]]		[[File:AircraftCarrierNight.jpeg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|A home away from home for many naval aviators]]

	Carrier Air Operations are the various procedures and techniques that make up landing on a moving ship, ~~usually several miles away from any solid ground on which you can land instead. Both fixed-wing and rotary wing~~ aircraft ~~can make use of aircraft carriers to land on, as well as~~ STOL / STOVL ~~aircraft~~ such as the Harrier and ~~the~~ F-~~35B~~. Because of the relatively small size ~~(compared to~~ a ~~fully fledged land-based airport)~~ of ~~the~~ carrier~~, strict procedures and rules are employed to avoid accidents (such as airplanes crashing into one another)~~.		Carrier Air Operations are the various procedures and techniques that make up landing on a moving ship, called an aircraft carrier: both STOL / STOVL (such as the Harrier and F-35's) and fixed wing (F-14, F-18) can land on a carrier. Because of the relatively small size of aircraft carriers there are a number of rules and procedures that you should follow when on or around an aircraft carrier.

	__TOC__		__TOC__
Line 37:		Line 37:
	[[File:SU-33_Carrier_Takeoff.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uox9S6UccEE\| Su-33 taking on from ski carrier ramp]]]		[[File:SU-33_Carrier_Takeoff.gif\|thumb\|right\|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uox9S6UccEE\| Su-33 taking on from ski carrier ramp]]]

	Most modern aircraft tend to be quite heavy (due to radar / sensor electronics, as well as heavy jet engines) and as such they cannot simply run off the edge of the ship at full speed to get into the air (though this was common practice for the lighter World War 2 aircraft). Instead ~~modern carrier~~ aircraft ~~need a lot of lift to become airborne~~.		Most modern aircraft tend to be quite heavy (due to radar / sensor electronics, as well as heavy jet engines) and as such they cannot simply run off the edge of the ship at full speed to get into the air (though this was common practice for the lighter World War 2 aircraft). Instead, you could use a ramp and a high power aircraft (with very little weight).

	~~The method preferred by some (Soviet / Russian) aircraft designers is to use the carrier ramp and a high thrust to weight ratio~~: i.~~e. the plane is capable of putting out~~ a lot of power compared to its weight (the plane has a large acceleration and power output). These aircraft may also have a large wingspan, which combined with the higher power output allows it to obtain a lot of lift upon accelerating. This allows these planes to launch via 'ski ramp', by simply running off this ramp at full power: the ramp increases both the altitude and angle of attack (which improves lift) to launch the aircraft.		[[File:Su33ramp.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|\|Ski ramp on a Russian carrier]]

	[~~[File~~:~~Su33ramp~~.~~jpg~~\|~~thumb\|right\|Ski~~ ramp on ~~a Russian~~ carrier]]		The procedure of using a ramp to launch aircraft is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOBAR\| '''STOBAR''' ( Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery ) ] and is a simple (cost effective) manner of launching aircraft from a carrier. For this you only need a ramp (angled bit of deck) and you will need a high power to weight ratio (i.e. lot of power, little weight) on your aircraft to launch aircraft off of the carrier.

			Launching via STOBAR is done by lining the aircraft up to go off the ramp, go full thrust and launch by running off of it. Removable wheel chocks are used to hold the aircraft in place whilst you run up to full power (in the designated spots): the JBD (Jet Blast Deflector, a big piece of metal behind the plane that can be raised) is used to prevent the exhaust from the airplane preparing to take-off from blowing away other aircraft lined up behind it.

	~~The procedure of using~~ a ~~ramp~~ to ~~launch aircraft is called [https://en~~.~~wikipedia~~.~~org/wiki/STOBAR\| '''STOBAR''' ( Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery~~ ) ~~] and~~ is ~~a simple~~ (~~cost effective~~) ~~manner of launching~~ aircraft ~~from~~ a carrier.		Jets take a few seconds to spool up to full power (i.e. no full thrust from the get go), so the use of these chocks is pretty vital. On some (Russian) aircraft a thrust override (carrier takeoff) switch can be set to provide even more engine power, to be used when an aircraft is heavily loaded or in bad weather conditions.

	Launching via STOBAR is done by lining the aicraft up on the designated positions (painted onto the aircraft deck): removable wheel chocks are located in these positions and come up out of the deck to hold the aircraft in place (via its wheels). Simultaneously the Jet Blast Deflector (JBD) is raised behind the aircraft: the JBD is used to prevent the exhaust from the airplane preparing to take-off from blowing away other aircraft lined up behind it.		The drawbacks of using STOBAR is that you get to bring less overall weight, so less weapons and fuel to maintain the amount of power versus weight (also called the thrust vs. weight) ratio to be able to safely launch (although you will typically top up on fuel after launching from any carrier). Also, because the ramp takes up valuable space on the carrier (you can't park aircraft on the ramp), you can typically bring less planes aboard and you will not be able to launch as many planes from a STOBAR carrier (as they all have to use the same ramp to launch).

	The aircraft taking off can then select (maximum) afterburning mode to build up the power, as jet engines take a second or so to spool up to full power (i.e. they do not deliver instantaneous throttle-power response, instead there is some power lag). On some (Russian) aircraft an override (carrier takeoff) switch can be set to provide even more engine power (at the trade-off of more engine wear and tear), to be used when an aircraft is heavily loaded or in bad weather conditions.

	~~This is also the large drawback~~ of using ~~the ramp system: overall aircraft weight~~ is ~~reduced. This typically means~~ that ~~the aircraft is able~~ to bring less ~~ordinance (~~weapons) and fuel~~, or that the systems are less capable~~ to ~~keep~~ the ~~aircraft~~ weight ~~down~~. ~~Fuel reduction may not~~ be ~~a primary concern, as carrier aircraft tend~~ to ~~proceed directly to a tanker to fill~~ up on fuel after ~~launch~~, ~~but~~ the ~~reduction in ordinance (weapon loadout) may be more pressing.~~

	~~The aircraft carrier~~ ramp ~~also nets you less total~~ space on the carrier ~~that can be used to park aircraft~~ (as you ~~cannot~~ park aircraft on the ramp ~~due to the slope and blocking of the only takeoff option~~), ~~as well as being~~ able to launch ~~aircraft at slower intervals compared to using catapults~~ (as ~~you can launch multiple aircraft from different catapults at nearly~~ the same ~~time~~).

	----		----
Line 86:		Line 81:
	The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_landing_system#Improved_fresnel_lens_optical_landing_system_(IFLOLS)\| IFLOLS (Improved Fresnel Optical Landing System)] is a system used on carriers to guide aircraft into the correct landing approach ('line-up'). Aside from extreme weather conditions or nighttime (both leading to limited visibility) landings, you will use this system to correctly line yourself up so that you may make a successful landing first time round.		The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_landing_system#Improved_fresnel_lens_optical_landing_system_(IFLOLS)\| IFLOLS (Improved Fresnel Optical Landing System)] is a system used on carriers to guide aircraft into the correct landing approach ('line-up'). Aside from extreme weather conditions or nighttime (both leading to limited visibility) landings, you will use this system to correctly line yourself up so that you may make a successful landing first time round.

	The LSO (Landing Signal Officer) are in charge of operating these lights and will guide you on landing the aircraft, as well as grading the landing attempt afterwards. Please see the appropriate chapter for further information.		The LSO (Landing Signal Officer) are in charge of operating these lights and will guide you on landing the aircraft, as well as grading the landing attempt afterwards. Please see the appropriate chapter for further information on LSO Grading: you can use the foldout button below to show the IFLOLS names for the lights.

	{\| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable"		{\| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable"
	! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| IFLOLS		! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| \| IFLOLS: Carrier Landing Lights \|
	\|-		\|-
	\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| #		\| style="text-align: center; background-color:#f8a102;" \| #
Line 1,171:		Line 1,166:
	<gallery widths=400px heights=400px>		<gallery widths=400px heights=400px>
	File:Case 3 landing pattern.png\|Case 1 Landing Pattern		File:Case 3 landing pattern.png\|Case 1 Landing Pattern
			File:IFLOLS diagram.png\|thumb\|right\|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_landing_system#Improved_fresnel_lens_optical_landing_system_(IFLOLS)\| IFLOLS]
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Nanne118: /* Case 2 Landing */

2018-12-15T23:16:35Z

Case 2 Landing

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:16, 15 December 2018
Line 1,160:		Line 1,160:


			----
	=== Case 2 Landing ===		=== Case 2 Landing ===

Nanne118: /* Case 2 Landing */

2018-12-15T23:16:17Z

Case 2 Landing

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:16, 15 December 2018
Line 1,161:		Line 1,161:

	=== Case 2 Landing ===		=== Case 2 Landing ===

			Case 2 recoveries (landings) are in practice a weird (Frankenstein) mix of both Case 1 and Case 3 landings, so we advise you familiarise yourself with these cases first and then come back to the Case 2 recoveries.

	----		----